Back pain is a common condition that refers to discomfort or pain felt in the back, typically in the region between the neck and the hips. It can be acute, meaning it comes on suddenly and typically resolves within a few days to a few weeks, or chronic, meaning it lasts for more than three months. Back pain can range from a dull ache to a sharp, stabbing pain, and it can be accompanied by stiffness, muscle spasms, or decreased range of motion. Back pain can be caused by a variety of factors, such as poor posture, muscle strain, degenerative conditions, or injuries.
Causes of Back Pain
Poor posture
Poor posture is a common cause of back pain, and there are several examples of postures that can contribute to this issue. These include:
- Slouching or hunching over a desk or computer
- Standing with a rounded back or shoulders
- Holding a phone between the ear and shoulder
- Sleeping in a position that does not support the natural curve of the spine
- Carrying a heavy bag or backpack on one shoulder
- Sitting with crossed legs or with the legs extended in front
- Driving with the seat positioned too far back or with the backrest reclined
- Bending or lifting with the back instead of the legs
- Wearing high heels or shoes with inadequate support
- Using a poorly designed or poorly adjusted office chair or workstation.
Injury or trauma
Injury or trauma is a common cause of back pain, and can result from a variety of accidents or incidents. Examples of injuries or traumas that can cause back pain include:
- Car accidents
- Falls from heights or slips on uneven surfaces
- Sports-related injuries, such as sprains or fractures
- Repetitive strain injuries from overuse or excessive physical activity
- Workplace accidents, such as lifting heavy objects or operating heavy machinery
- Physical altercations or assaults
- Medical procedures, such as surgery or injections
- Osteoporotic fractures resulting from weakened bones
Muscle strain or sprain
Muscle strain or sprain is a common cause of back pain, and can occur when the muscles or ligaments in the back are stretched or torn due to sudden or overexertion. For example, lifting a heavy object improperly or engaging in excessive physical activity without proper stretching and warm-up can result in a muscle strain or sprain.
Herniated or bulging disc
A herniated or bulging disc is a common cause of back pain and occurs when the soft material between the vertebrae in the spine becomes compressed or ruptured. The discs in the spine act as cushions, absorbing shock and helping to maintain the flexibility and mobility of the spine.
For example, a bulging or herniated disc can result from a sudden injury or from repetitive motions that put pressure on the spine. The symptoms of a herniated or bulging disc may include pain in the back, numbness or tingling, and weakness in the back or other parts of the body.
Arthritis or other joint problems
Arthritis and other joint problems are a common cause of back pain, particularly in older adults. Is an inflammatory condition that affects the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. Other joint problems that can cause back pain include osteoporosis, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.
For example, osteoporosis is a condition that causes the bones to become weak and brittle, making them more susceptible to fractures. This can lead to compression fractures in the spine, which can cause back pain and reduced mobility.
Sciatica
Sciatica is a common cause of back pain and occurs when the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back down to the legs, becomes compressed or irritated. This can result in pain, numbness, and tingling sensations in the back and legs, as well as difficulty walking or standing.
For example, sciatica can be caused by a herniated or bulging disc, spinal stenosis, or other conditions that put pressure on the sciatic nerve. The symptoms of sciatica can vary in severity and may be worsened by prolonged sitting or standing, as well as by certain movements or positions.
Spinal stenosis
Spinal stenosis is a condition in which the spinal canal becomes narrowed, resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. This can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the back, legs, and other parts of the body.
Some common causes of spinal stenosis include degenerative changes in the spine due to aging, herniated discs, and spinal injuries. In some cases, spinal stenosis may be caused by genetic factors or underlying medical conditions such as Paget’s disease.
Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a condition that causes an abnormal curvature of the spine, which can lead to pain and discomfort, breathing difficulties, and other health issues. The condition affects around 3% of the population, with the majority of cases being mild and not requiring treatment.
The most common cause of scoliosis is unknown, although some cases are linked to genetic factors or underlying medical conditions. It can affect people of all ages, although it most commonly develops in children and teenagers.
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that causes widespread pain and tenderness in the body, as well as fatigue and other symptoms. The exact cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, but it is thought to be related to abnormalities in the way the brain processes pain signals.
Fibromyalgia can affect people of all ages, although it is more common in women than men. It can also be associated with other conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and depression.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, leading to pain and discomfort. The exact cause of endometriosis is unknown, but it is thought to be related to hormonal and immune system factors.
Endometriosis can affect people of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed in people in their 30s and 40s. It is also more common in people who have never given birth, have a family history of the condition, or have a history of menstrual problems.
Prevention of Back Pain
- Maintain good posture
- Exercise regularly to strengthen back muscles
- Avoid sitting or standing for extended periods
- Lift objects properly
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Quit smoking
- Use supportive footwear
- Use ergonomic furniture and tools
- Manage stress
Treatment of Back Pain
Pain relief medications
Pain relief medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are commonly used to manage a variety of conditions that cause pain, inflammation, and fever. These medications work by blocking the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain and inflammation.
NSAIDs are available over-the-counter and by prescription and come in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, creams, and gels. Common examples of NSAIDs include ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen.
NSAIDs can be effective in managing mild to moderate pain and inflammation associated with conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and menstrual cramps. They can also be used to reduce fever and relieve headaches.
While NSAIDs are generally considered safe when used as directed, they can cause side effects, such as stomach upset, nausea, and diarrhea. Long-term use of NSAIDs may also increase the risk of stomach ulcers and bleeding.
It is important to talk to your healthcare provider before using NSAIDs, especially if you have a history of stomach ulcers or bleeding, liver or kidney problems, or are taking other medications. In some cases, alternative treatments or pain management strategies may be recommended.
Physical therapy
Physical therapy is a healthcare specialty that focuses on the prevention, management, and treatment of movement disorders and physical impairments. Therapy is often recommended for individuals recovering from an injury, surgery, or other medical condition that affects their ability to move and function normally.
Therapists work with patients to develop individualized treatment plans that may include exercises, manual therapy, and other techniques to help reduce pain, improve mobility, and restore function. Treatment plans may be customized based on the patient’s age, medical history, and specific condition.
Examples of conditions that may benefit from physical therapy include back pain, sports injuries, stroke, arthritis, and cerebral palsy. Physical therapy may also be recommended as part of a comprehensive treatment plan for conditions such as chronic pain and fibromyalgia.
It can help improve muscle strength, flexibility, and endurance, as well as enhance balance and coordination. In addition to traditional physical therapy techniques, some physical therapists may also incorporate alternative therapies such as acupuncture and massage into their treatment plans.
Chiropractic care
Chiropractic care is a complementary healthcare specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, particularly those related to the spine. Chiropractors use manual techniques to adjust and manipulate the spine and other joints in the body to improve mobility and relieve pain.
Chiropractic care is often recommended for individuals with back pain, neck pain, headaches, and other musculoskeletal conditions. Chiropractors work with patients to develop personalized treatment plans that may include spinal adjustments, exercises, and other therapies such as ultrasound or electrical stimulation.
One of the most common techniques used by chiropractors is spinal manipulation, which involves applying a controlled force to the spine to correct misalignments or subluxations. This technique can help alleviate pain and improve range of motion. Other techniques used by chiropractors include massage, stretching, and joint mobilization.
Chiropractic care can be effective in treating a range of conditions, including sciatica, herniated discs, and whiplash. It may also be used in combination with other treatments, such as physical therapy, to help manage pain and improve function.
While chiropractic care is generally considered safe, it may not be appropriate for everyone. Chiropractic care may not be recommended for individuals with certain medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, or those taking certain medications.
Massage therapy
Massage therapy is a complementary healthcare specialty that involves the manipulation of soft tissues in the body to promote relaxation, reduce pain, and improve overall physical and mental well-being. Therapists use their hands, fingers, and sometimes elbows or forearms to apply pressure and knead the muscles and other soft tissues of the body.
Therapy can be helpful in treating a variety of conditions, including back pain, headaches, anxiety, and stress-related disorders. Therapists work with patients to develop personalized treatment plans that may include a variety of techniques, such as Swedish massage, deep tissue massage, trigger point therapy, and myofascial release.
Swedish massage is a gentle, relaxing form of massage that involves long, smooth strokes and kneading. Deep tissue massage is a more intense form of massage that focuses on the deeper layers of muscle tissue to release tension and alleviate pain. Trigger point therapy involves applying pressure to specific points in the body to release tension and reduce pain. Myofascial release is a technique that involves stretching and massaging the connective tissue that surrounds and supports muscles and other internal structures.
Acupuncture
Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine practice that involves the insertion of fine needles into specific points on the body. It is believed that these needles stimulate the body’s natural healing processes, promoting physical and emotional well-being.
Acupuncture has been used to treat a wide range of conditions, including back pain, headaches, and anxiety. During an acupuncture session, a trained practitioner will insert needles into specific points on the body, often along meridians, or energy pathways, in the body. The needles are left in place for a period of time, typically 20-30 minutes, during which the patient may feel a sense of relaxation or mild discomfort.
Surgery (in severe cases)
Surgery may be recommended for individuals with severe back pain that does not respond to other forms of treatment. It is typically considered a last resort, and is only recommended when all other options have been exhausted.
Examples of back surgery procedures include spinal fusion, laminectomy, and discectomy. Spinal fusion involves fusing together two or more vertebrae in the spine to stabilize the area and relieve pressure on the affected nerves. A laminectomy involves the removal of part of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. A discectomy involves the removal of a portion of a herniated or bulging disc in the spine that is causing pressure on the nerves.
When to See a Doctor
- Back pain that doesn’t improve with self-care measures
- fever, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs with back pain
- traumatic injury
- Back pain that affects bowel or bladder function
Most Common Asked Back Pain Questions
How do I know if my back pain is serious?
Back pain can vary in severity and may have many causes, so it’s important to pay attention to the characteristics of your pain to determine if it is serious. Here are some signs that your back pain may be serious:
- The pain is severe and does not improve with rest or self-care
- The pain is accompanied by numbness or weakness in your legs or arms
- The pain is associated with bladder or bowel dysfunction, such as difficulty urinating or having a bowel movement
- The pain is the result of a fall, blow to the back, or other trauma
- The pain is accompanied by a fever or chills
- The pain is worse at night or wakes you up from sleep
- The pain is persistent and lasts for more than a few weeks
What is the most common cause of back pain?
The most common cause of back pain is muscle or ligament strain, often due to poor posture or overuse. This can happen from lifting heavy objects, bending awkwardly, or twisting the spine. Back pain can also be caused by a bulging or ruptured disc, which can put pressure on the nerves in the spine. Other common causes of back pain include arthritis, osteoporosis, spinal stenosis, and sciatica.
How long is too long for back pain?
In general, back pain that lasts for more than 12 weeks or longer and is not improving with self-care measures, such as rest, ice, or over-the-counter pain medications, may require medical attention.
What are the 3 categories of back pain?
There are generally three categories of back pain: acute, subacute, and chronic. Acute back pain is defined as pain that lasts for less than six weeks. Subacute back pain is pain that lasts between six weeks and three months. Chronic back pain is defined as pain that persists for more than three months.
How can you tell if back pain is muscular or something else?
Muscular back pain is often characterized by:
- Pain that is localized to a specific area of the back, such as the lower back or neck
- Pain that is triggered by movement, such as bending or lifting
- Pain that feels like a dull ache or tightness in the affected area
- Stiffness or limited range of motion in the affected area